Trade Ceramics
Jingdezhen blue and white wares
Jingdezhen is considered
the primary ceramic production center of blue and white ceramics in China.
Jingdezhen’s products are considered high class due to the availability of fine
deposits (kaolin and petuntse) and the abundant natural
resources of wood, water, and good quality cobalt found in its immediate
vicinity. Its manufacture of blue and white ceramics first began during the
Yuan Dynasty (1127-1368), and its peak was during the Ming period (1368-1644).
Samples recovered at Plaza Independencia appear to be of earlier attribution (perhaps 15th
century).
Kraak
Kraak refers to underglazed cobalt blue wares whose decoration divides
the rim and much of the cavetto into panels or segments radiating from the
central medallion (also known as the Wanli style).
Few kraak
pieces were recovered at the site. These mostly represent plates, bowls saucers
and cups. Scholars believed that its production started after the end of the
Ming period and its peak about 1585 to 1645-50.
Provincial
wares
Swatow is described in the literature
as crudely or carelessly constructed and heavily potted ware, having a
dense, coarse porcelain or stoneware body that ranges from coarse grey or buff
to fine-grained white. It is a large, ambiguous and diversified family of
export ceramics manufactured in
miscellaneous kilns along the borders of Guangdong and Fujian from the 16th
century to at least the end of the Transitional Period in 1680.
Large quantities of swatow were recovered at the site, many are decorated in the kraak
or Wanli Style.
Minnan wares
Those recovered blue and white wares
manufactured in the Minnan region of Funan were mostly bowls and dishes.
Popular motif at the Plaza Independencia was
mostly painted although there are a few printed samples.
Many of the monochrome vessels recovered at
Plaza Independencia also appear to have been manufactured at Minnan, as well as
celadon wares but this time, with white pastes instead of the conventional pale
grey, thus resulting in a very pale green hue.
The presence of a few ceramic manufactured
in Sawankhalok (now Si Satchanalai) in north-central Thailand, (which are
traditionally dated to the 14th-15th century) initially
suggests that there might have been a period of earlier occupation at Plaza Independencia.
In addition to swatow and Minnan monochromes, significant quantities of greenish glazed and
grayish glazed wares were also recovered at Plaza Independencia.
Majority of bottle and bottle fragments are made of glass. People used pontil rods during 17th to mid 19th century to make bottles. The first Plaza Independencia report in 2000 concluded that the site's bottle assemblages date to middle or late middle 19th century to mid 20th century. The bottles were used to serve both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
METAL ARTIFACTS
The one piece of
iron dagger was found in only one burial site. The dagger is corroded but
textile remains are visible on its surface. Analysis of this dagger and other
metal pieces is significant to determine the possible interrelationships among
the artifacts and the implications of use of metal in Cebu and during the early
Spanish period.
SHELLS
Shells can tell a lot of information about the past people
diet and how the utilized their environment. A total of 384 Molluscan shells
were recovered in Plaza Independencia. There are 27 identified species recovered
from Plaza Independencia. Oyster shells were the most abundant species
recovered from the site. This type of shell has high calorie content, larger
meat and can easily be extracted.
EARTHENWARE
A death mask was found which is made of hastily etched thin gold sheets. This is a vital proof of the wealth of pre-Hispanic Cebuanos and the burial practices they carried out for their dearly departed.
This mask is exactly as the Jesuit Pedro Chirino described in his Relaciones de las Islas Filipinas which was published in Rome in 1600, where he write that, to Bisayans who could afford it, gold was pounded into a thin sheet when a person died.
CERAMIC AND GLASS BOTTLES

Large percentage of recovered material at Plaza Independencia were high-fired and low-fired ceramics from
Europe and Asia. Brown and tiger-glazed stoneware jars were also recovered.
Ceramic evidence suggests that the site was intensively used during the 16th to early 18th century.
No.
Of Glass bottles/fragments
|
No.
Of Ceramic bottles/fragments
|
Totals
|
|
Layer
I
|
18
|
2
|
20
|
Layer
II
|
96
|
4
|
100
|
Disturbed
Layer
|
20
|
8
|
28
|
Totals
|
134
|
14
|
148
|
METAL ARTIFACTS
Counts and Distribution
Artifact
Type
|
Quantity
|
Amount
(%)
|
Iron nails
|
45
|
46%
|
Iron slag
|
14
|
14%
|
Miscellaneous & unidentifiable artifacts
|
30
|
31%
|
Modern waste
|
6
|
6%
|
Coins
|
2
|
2%
|
Knife
|
1
|
1%
|
TOTAL
|
98
|
100%
|
Early Spanish Period
Metal artifacts
include 13 pieces (which is 13% of the metals recovered). These artifacts
include iron nails, iron slag, an iron dagger, a hook, a spoon, and an
unidentifiable metal. Historical accounts made no statement on how the Plaza
site was used during the early years of Spanish occupation.
Iron was a major
component during this period. Iron ore and slag was retrieved but no other
evidence of metalworking (e.g. metal smith workshops and tools) was found. Iron
nails and an iron dagger were also found but proving archaeologically that iron
was being worked at the site is difficult. Moreover, it is difficult to explain
the presence of iron due to lack of historical accounts. Whether they were used
for a light structure in the site or misplaced items of people from the Fort
nearby cannot be conclusively claimed. No postholes were found at the excavated
layer because either they never existed or depositional conditions on a beach
sand matrix hardly leave noticeable archaeological evidence.

In general, the
relatively small amount of artifacts recovered from the excavated layer
indicates minimal utilization of the site or difficulty in obtaining iron
during this period.
Thirteen
pieces of metal artifacts were recovered during this period comprising of 76%
of the total amount of metals recovered. Among the metals were iron nails, iron
slag, a Chinese coin, and several miscellaneous unidentifiable items. The
increase in the frequency of metal artifacts during this period indicate
surplus of human activity. Historical accounts mention that the area currently
occupied by the Plaza used to be a part of the plaza de armas and a catedral
antigua. This explains the increase in amount of the metal artifacts.
Moreover, the iron nails recovered from this excavation layer point to the
existence of an organic structure most probably made of wood during this
period. The iron nails account for 57% of the metal artifacts recovered from
this period. Three keys and a posthole were seen and recovered from different
burial sites. Whether the structure served for the military or some other
purpose cannot be ascertained based on the metals because from this layer, the
metals were already corroded and vary in shape and size.
The
iron slag recovered comprised 12% of all the metals from this layer. The
probable metalworking tradition from the early Spanish period thus, continued
on in the site or nearby areas during the late Spanish period. The recovered Chinese coin dates back to the
Ming Period particularly the Wanli period (AD 1573-1619). This was most likely
kept as an heirloom piece because of it incongruity with all the cultural
materials associated in the late Spanish period.
No
matter how abundant metal artifacts were during this period, further studies on
economics, sourcing, production and distribution processes are still essential
to understand the importance of metal use at this time.
SHELLS
Species
|
Family
|
N
|
Type
of Environment
|
Family Ostreidae
|
Ostreidae
|
60
|
Salt water
|
Strombus canarium
|
Strombidae
|
39
|
Salt water
|
Telescopium telescopium
|
Potamididae
|
36
|
Brackish water
|
Lambis lambis
|
Strombidae
|
29
|
Salt water
|
Anadara scapha
|
Arcidae
|
21
|
Salt water
|
FAUNAL ANALYSIS
The rescue archaeology conducted in Plaza Independencia also found animal bones and teeth. The remains were bagged according to the layer from which they were found and were identified as to genus or a particular animal taxon.
Several factors may have been responsible for this turnout of values. Layer 3 could have been used as a midden, or used to bury the animals which explains the higher mass of bones found in it.
The bones of all identified mammalian taxa exhibited peri-mortem cutmarks and evenly made cut surfaces while the bones were still fresh, indicating the use of a butchering or cutting tool to process parts of the animal carcass for food.
Layer
|
Mass(Grams)
|
Percentage
of total mass(%)
|
1
|
1565
|
3.53
|
2
|
6939
|
15.63
|
3
|
32671
|
73.60
|
4
|
3214
|
7.24
|
Total
|
44389
|
100.00
|
Several factors may have been responsible for this turnout of values. Layer 3 could have been used as a midden, or used to bury the animals which explains the higher mass of bones found in it.
Layer
|
Animals
|
1
|
Pig, unidentified
|
2
|
Pig, bovid, chicken, fish, others
unidentified
|
3
|
Pig, bovid, horse, chicken, fish, other
unidentified
|
4
|
Pig, bovid, fish, others unidentified
|
The bones of all identified mammalian taxa exhibited peri-mortem cutmarks and evenly made cut surfaces while the bones were still fresh, indicating the use of a butchering or cutting tool to process parts of the animal carcass for food.